Urbanization as a major cause of biotic homogenization

When measured by extent and intensity, urbanization is one of the most homogenizing of all major human activities. Cities homogenize the physical environment because they are built to meet the relatively narrow needs of just one species, our own. Also, cities are maintained for centuries in a disequilibrium state from the local natural environment by the importation of vast resources of energy and materials. Consequently, as cities expand across the planet, biological homogenization increases because the same “urban-adaptable” species become increasingly widespread and locally abundant in cities across the planet. As urbanization often produces a local gradient of disturbance, one can also observe a gradient of homogenization. Synanthropic species adapted to intensely modified built habitats at the urban core are “global homogenizers”, found in cities worldwide. However, many suburban and urban fringe habitats are occupied by native species that become regionally widespread. These suburban adapters typically consist of early successional plants and “edge” animal species such as mesopredator mammals, and ground-foraging, omnivorous and frugivorous birds that can utilize gardens, forest fragments and many other habitats available in the suburbs. A basic conservation challenge is that urban biota is often quite diverse and very abundant. The intentional and unintentional importation of species adapted to urban habitats, combined with many food resources imported for human use, often produces local species diversity and abundance that is often equal to or greater than the surrounding landscape. With the important exception of low-income areas, urban human populations often inhabit richly cultivated suburban habitats with a relatively high local floral and faunal diversity and/or abundance without awareness of the global impoverishment caused by urbanization. Equally challenging is that, because so many urban species are immigrants adapting to city habitats, urbanites of all income levels become increasingly disconnected from local indigenous species and their natural ecosystems. Urban conservation should therefore focus on promoting preservation and restoration of local indigenous species.     

近35年苏南典型地区的城镇扩展动态研究——以1966～2001年常熟市为例

利用常熟市不同时期 (1 966、1 984、1 992、1 999、2 0 0 0、2 0 0 1年 )、不同类型卫星遥感影像 (Corona、TM、SPOT、ETM )进行多波段合成 ,图像增强处理与精校正 ,建立不同影像城镇用地解译标志 ,通过人机交互判读 ,获得不同时期的各乡镇城镇用地矢量图的方法。统计出 35年来常熟市城镇建设用地扩大近 6 .4倍。城镇扩展空间上受到地貌条件和城市经济水平以及政策决策影响 ,城镇多数沿河流或交通线方向扩展 ,各城镇间扩展数量和相对速率有明显差异 ,且存在一定地理分布规律。结合社会经济的统计资料 ,分析发现城镇扩展与不断增加的城镇人口、GDP极显著相关 ,各乡镇单位城镇面积创造的GDP有较大的差异。     

Monitoring fish stocks in relation to acidification in Norwegian watersheds

The Norwegian Monitoring Programme for Long-Range Transported Air Pollutants started in 1980. The biological part of this programme includes besides invertebrate studies in streams, (i) fish community status in lakes by means of interviews, test-fishing in lakes by using standard gill-net series, recruitment studies of brown trout in inland streams, and juvenile stock assess and monitoring of fish kills in salmon rivers. Damaged fish stocks are recognized within a land area of 51,500 km² in southern Norway and 30 km² in northern Norway. At least 6,000 lake-dwelling fish stocks have either been lost or are at various stages of reduction. Brown trout (Salmo trutta) is the most widespread and abundant species of fish in Norwegian watersheds, and is also most severe affected by acidification. More recently, there are some indications of an increase in the abundance of brown trout in some areas. However, analysis of age structure in lakes, and fry densities in streams in such areas revealed large annual variations in recruitment rate, which indicates unstable water chemical conditions. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is virtually extinct in 25 rivers in southernmost, southwestern and western Norway.     

新疆石河子市土地利用数量变化研究

以新疆石河子市土地变更统计资料,以及其自然、社会、经济数据为依据,采用定性与定量相结合的方法,运用多种数学模型对石河子市土地利用现状、土地利用数量变化进行了探讨。结果表明,近12年来石河子市园地、林地、交通用地、居民点工矿用地的正向变化较明显,而负变化方面,则是以未利用地和耕地的变化最为突出。土地利用结构总体变化不大。土地利用类型的转移以非农建设占用农用地特别是占用耕地现象日益突出为主要特点,并呈现明显的地域差异。早期引起土地利用变化的主要原因是农业结构调整,而经济发展和城市迅速扩张则是后期变化的动因。     

耕地数量生态位重心模型构建及其应用——以焦作市为例

以生态位理论为基础，提出了耕地生态元和耕地生态位的概念。在此基础上，构建了用以量度耕地数量空间格局变化规律的耕地数量生态位重心模型，并运用该模型对焦作市1998-2004年期间耕地数量变化规律进行了分析。分析结果表明，该模型可以有效测度区域耕地数量整体变化特征及其年际变化程度大小，并可依据其变化规律探求区域耕地数量变化的驱动因素和驱动力。     

修正法农用地定级方法探讨及与因素法比较-以宜兴市为例

目前我国基本上采用因素法进行农用地定级,而作为重要方法之一的修正法则应用很少。本文以宜兴市为例,对修正法农用地定级技术路线、指标控制区划分、单元划分、修正因素选取和量化、定级指数计算、级别划分的方法和改进进行探讨,并与因素法比较。结果表明:修正法和因素法的方法原理大致相似,但修正法在分等基础上进行,是对分等结果的细化和深化,可大大缩减工作量,而且其定级结果具有很好的横向可比性。     

基于土地综合承载力的西安市适度人口测度

[目的]测度和分析西安市2001—2011年的适度人口及其变化情况,探讨人口承载力变化的特征与原因,提出优化对策。[方法]食品承载力模型、生态足迹模型、改进的经济承载力模型和改进的综合承载力模型。[结果]2001—2011年,西安市的适度人口数量及结构呈现出阶段性变化;2004年开始,西安市人口承载赤字一直存在,并在经历一个快速增长阶段后出现缓和趋势;西安市经济人口承载力较强,而食品和生态人口承载力不足。[结论]提高区域综合承载力,土地承载是基础,经济承载是关键,生态承载是限制。     

基于PSR模型的能源-生态复合区生态安全预警研究——以山西省忻州市为例

[目的]以山西省忻州市为例,探讨能源与生态复合区生态安全预警,为区域生态保护规划及区域高质量发展提供依据。[方法]基于PSR概念模型框架,从人口、资源、经济、环境、生态要素选取了21个指标建立了能源—生态复合区生态安全预警评价指标体系,采用熵值法确定权重,对山西省忻州市2000—2018年生态安全预警进行分析。[结果]①2018年忻州市14县综合预警值介于0.356 2～0.587 0之间,平均值为0.491 2,预警等级处于中警至轻警范围内。其中忻府区、定襄、五台、繁峙、静乐5县(区)警情为中警状态,其余7县(市)均为轻警状态,忻州市整体生态安全并不乐观,生态安全等级较低。②2000—2018年忻州市生态安全预警值呈波动缓慢上升趋势,警情为中警等级的县减少,轻警等级的县增加。[结论]研究区生态安全空间上呈现不均衡性,警情整体趋于改善,主要取决于系统压力中的经济、资源、环境压力趋缓。     

区域土地资源安全评价初探——以重庆市为例

针对土地资源利用过程中出现的粮食安全问题、土地生态质量问题及土地经济、社会安全问题,参照压力一状态一响应(PRS)评价模式,构建评价指标体系。采用层次分析法确定权重,运用二次函数综合的方法对区域土地资源安全程度作了评价。研究表明,重庆市土地资源处于初步安全状态,从1999年和2004年土地综合安全值来看,土地资源安全整体状况处于好转之中。     

五常市北部地区农村居民点用地适宜性评价与整治分区规划

农村居民点用地适宜性评价是实现农村土地合理布局、挖掘土地整理潜力的重要依据。以五常市北部地区为例,从自然、经济社会和生态三方面构建典型粮食产区农村居民点用地适宜性评价指标体系,结合地区内部特点量化指标因子;依据适宜性评价分级和区域模式差异,综合考虑人口城镇化影响实现居民点的整治分区规划。结果表明:北部12个乡镇中农村居民点用地适宜性区间为0~3.996 8,不存在最高适宜的居民点用地,域内以高适宜和中适宜用地为主,低适宜和不适宜的居民点用地相对比例之和5.02%,地区仍有部分居民点需重点整治;兴隆乡、营城子乡、民乐乡等部分地区应引导村内人口外迁,八家子乡、常堡乡、牛家镇等应积极迁村并点,兴隆乡部分地区、八家子乡和卫国乡实施内部改造,保留发展型均有分布。研究结果可为该地区居民点整理规划提供科学依据。